Contrastive Linguistics by Ping Ke

Content

1Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1.1What Is Contrastive Linguistics?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1.1.1
The Name and Nature of Contrastive Linguistics. . . . . . . .2 1.1.2 Micro-Contrastive Linguistics and Macro-Contrastive Linguistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 1.2
Why Contrastive Linguistics?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 1.2.1The Theoretical Need for Contrastive Linguistics. . . . . . . .10 1.2.2The Practical Need for Contrastive Linguistics. . . . . . . . .11 1.3The History and Development of Contrastive Linguistics. . . . . . .15 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
2 The Principles and Methods of Contrastive Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . .25
2.1Basic Assumptions and Hypotheses Underlying Contrastive Analysis (CA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
2.1.1The Psychological Basis of Contrastive Analysis: Transfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
2.1.2The Strong and Weak Versions of Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
2.1.3The Predictive Power of Contrastive Analysis. . . . . . . . . .27 2.2Theoretical Contrastive Analysis and Applied Contrastive Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 2.3Criteria for Comparison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 2.3.1The Surface Structure (SS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 2.3.2The Deep Structure (DS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 2.3.3Translation Equivalence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 2.4Procedures of Contrastive Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
2.5Questions for Discussion and Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 vii viiiContents

3 Phonetic and Phonological Contrastive Analyses ............... 47
3.1 Phonetics and Phonology .............................. 47
3.2 Contrastive Phonetics ................................. 49
3.2.1 Articulatory Phonetics ........................... 49
3.2.2 Acoustic Phonetics.............................. 53
3.2.3 Auditory Phonetics ............................. 56
3.3 Contrastive Phonology ................................ 57
3.3.1 Phonological Contrastive Analysis .................. 57
3.3.2 Two Phonological Models ........................ 61
3.4 Suprasegmental Contrastive Analysis ...................... 63
3.4.1 The Contrastive Analysis of Pitch ................... 64
3.4.2 The Contrastive Analysis of Juncture ................ 66
3.5 Questions for Discussion and Research .................... 67
References ............................................. 67
4 Lexical Contrastive Analysis ............................... 69
4.1 Contrastive Lexical Morphology ......................... 70
4.1.1 Lexical/Derivational Morphology and Inflectional
Morphology .................................. 70
4.1.2 Morpheme .................................... 70
4.1.3 A Comparison of the Makeup of English
and Chinese Word Stock ......................... 72
4.2 Contrastive Lexical Semantics ........................... 74
4.2.1 The Motivation (Internal Form) of Words ............. 75
4.2.2 Sense Relationships ............................. 80
4.2.3 Semantic Features .............................. 90
4.3 Three Active Areas................................... 93
4.3.1 Anthropology ................................. 93
4.3.2 Translation ................................... 98
4.3.3 Bilingual Lexicography .......................... 101
4.4 Questions for Discussion and Research .................... 102
References ............................................. 104
5 Grammatical Contrastive Analysis .......................... 105
5.1 The Concept of Grammar .............................. 105
5.2 The Contrastive Analysis of Inflectional Morphology .......... 107
5.2.1 Grammatical Categories .......................... 108
5.2.2 A Contrastive Study of the Chinese and English
Case Systems ................................. 112
5.3 Syntactic Contrastive Analysis........................... 115
5.3.1 The Structural Approach (Surface-Structure Contrasts) .... 115
5.3.2 The Weaknesses of the Structural Approach ........... 118
5.3.3 The Generative Approaches ....................... 119
5.4 Questions for Discussion and Research .................... 130
References ............................................. 131
6 Textual Contrastive Analysis .............................. 133
6.1 Text and Discourse ................................... 135
6.2 The Defining Characteristics of the Text ................... 136
6.3 The Contrastive Analysis of Textual Cohesion ............... 138
6.3.1 Semantic Cohesion ............................. 139
6.3.2 Structural Cohesion ............................. 148
6.3.3 Different Languages Preferring Different Cohesive
Devices ...................................... 162
6.4 The Contrastive Analysis of Textual Coherence .............. 162
6.5 Questions for Discussion and Research .................... 168
References ............................................. 170
7 Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis ............................ 173
7.1 Speech Act Theory ................................... 173
7.1.1 Speech Acts .................................. 174
7.1.2 Felicity Conditions.............................. 176
7.2 Conversational Interaction .............................. 177
7.2.1 The Structural Components of Conversation ........... 177
7.2.2 Principles of Conversational Organization ............. 185
7.3 Questions for Discussion and Research .................... 192
References ............................................. 192
Uncited References ........................................... 195
Index ...................................................... 197


Introduction

This book was written in a plain and direct style. It consists of seven chapters. In the first two chapters, we discuss the name, nature, classification, and history of con-trastive linguistics (对比语言学), as well as the general principles of and proce-dures for contrastive analysis. By doing that we get some basic ideas about the subject of our study: its status, its theoretical background and assumptions as well as its methodology.
The remaining chapters, which make up the main body of this book, will be
devoted to contrastive analysis at various linguistic levels. We shall first take a “classic” contrastive look at languages, concentrating on lexis (the total stock of words in a language 词汇) and grammar (语法); and then assume a macrolin-guistic approach to contrastive linguistics (对比语言学), treating language as function in context, and looking into such topics as contrastive text linguistics and pragmatics (语用学). The emphasis of these chapters will be placed on the con-tributions contrastive linguistics can make to fields as diverse as translation studies, language learning and teaching, writing, and general linguistic theory.
1.1 What Is Contrastive Linguistics?
When we take up any subject for study, we usually start by investigating its nature, its relevance to us, and the way to study it. In other words, we ask three basic
questions: (a) what it is, (b) why it is needed or important, and (c) how we are to do it. In this section we shall try to answer these three basic questions about con-trastive linguistics (对比语言学).


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